Sida Saxda ah ee Loo Doorto Qalabka Ilaalinta Kacsan (SPD)

Sida Saxda ah ee Loo Doorto Qalabka Ilaalinta Kacsan (SPD)

I. Shuruudaha Xulashada Aasaasiga ah

1. Dooro Nooca SPD Iyada oo ku saleysan Heerka Ilaalinta

• Fasalka I SPD (Tijaabada Nooca 1): Waxaa lagu rakibay albaabka ugu weyn ee guddiga qaybinta si uu u adkaysto dhacdooyinka hillaaca tooska ah ama kuwa keena (heerka sii deynta ≥12.5kA, waxaa lagu talinayaa 25kA ~ 100kA). Isticmaal SPD-yada isku-dhafan (isku-darka GDT + MOV) oo aan lahayn koronto la socota iyo danab hoose oo haray.
• Heerka II SPD (Tijaabada Nooca 2): Waxaa loo isticmaalaa guddiyada qaybinta-hoosaadka ama hore ee qolka qalabka si loo xaddido danab xad-dhaaf ah oo la kiciyo (hadda sii daynta 20kA ~ 40kA). MOV-yada xaddidaya danab-samaynta oo leh danab haraaga ah ≤1.5kV waa kuwo caadi ah.
• Fasalka III SPD (Tijaabada Nooca 3aad): Waxaa lagu rakibay meel u dhow qalabka terminalka (tusaale ahaan, server-yada, badhanka) si loo ilaaliyo aaladaha xasaasiga ah (daadinta hadda socota 10kA ~ 20kA), iyadoo danab haraaga ah ≤1.2kV.

2. Xawaaraha Nidaamka Iswaafajinta

• Danabka ugu badan ee Hawlgalka Joogtada ah (Uc): Waa inuu ahaadaa ≥1.15 jeer danabka magacaaban ee nidaamka (tusaale ahaan, dooro Uc ≥440V nidaamka 380V) si looga fogaado kicinta beenta ah ee ka dhalata isbeddellada danabka.
   
• Heerka Ilaalinta Danabka (Kor): Fasalka I SPD: Kor ≤2.5kV
  SPD-ga Fasalka II: Kor u kac ≤1.5kV
  Heerka III SPD: Kor u kac ≤1.2kV Hubi in koror uu ka badan yahay ≤80% danabka u adkeysiga qalabka.
     
• Waqtiga Jawaabta:
  Fasalka I SPD: ≤25ns
  Heerka II SPD: ≤25ns
  Fasalka III SPD: ≤1ns

3. Shuruudaha Ku Saleynta Dhulka iyo Rakibaadda

• Iska caabbinta Dhulka: ≤4Ω (≤10Ω meelaha ugu badan ee iska caabbinta ciidda), oo leh iskutallaabta qalabka dhulka ≥25mm².
• Goobta Rakibaadda: Mudnaanta sii u dhowaanshaha qalabka la ilaaliyo, yaree dhererka rasaasta (dhererka rasaasta guud ≤0.5m) si looga fogaado isku-ururinta danabka ee la kiciyo.

II. Tixgelinnada Muhiimka ah
1. Xulashada Nooca SPD

• SPD-ga Beddelaya Danabka (GDT): Dareeraha sare ee sii daaya (≥100kA) laakiin khatartu waxay la socotaa joojinta korontada iyo korontada; ku habboon oo keliya ilaalinta Heerka I.
• SPD Xaddidaya Danabka (MOV): Danab haraaga ah oo hooseeya laakiin u nugul gabowga; waxay u baahan tahay la socod joogto ah.
• SPD Isku-dhafan: Waxay isku daraysaa faa'iidooyinka noocyada beddelka iyo xaddidaadda; waxaa lagula talinayaa nidaamyada ilaalinta marxaladaha badan.

2. Isuduwidda Marxaladaha Dhexdooda

• Kala fogaanshaha ugu yar ee u dhexeeya SPD-yada sare iyo kuwa hoose: ≥10m (beddel + xaddidaad) ama ≥5m (xaddidaad + xaddidaad); haddii kale, rakib aaladaha kala furfurka.
• Qaacidada isku-dubaridka tamarta: SPD-ga sare wuxuu nuugaa 80% tamarta, SPD-ga hoose wuxuu nuugaa 20%.

3. Ilaalinta Kaydka

• Jeermisyada wareegga ee taxanaha ku xiran ama fiyuusyada (lagu qiimeeyay hadda ≥1.5 jeer SPD-ga joogtada ah) si looga hortago kororka wareegga gaaban.
• Xullo SPD-yada leh tilmaamayaasha burburka si aad u hesho goynta otomaatiga ah iyo digniinta marka cillad dhacdo.

4. Shuruudaha Xaaladda Gaarka ah

• Nidaamka TN-C: Adeegso qaabka 3+NPE ama 3P+N si aad uga fogaato khataraha dib-u-dhiska khadka PEN.
• Nidaamka TT: Ku rakib SPD inta u dhaxaysa khadadka N iyo PE si looga hortago dib-u-dhac ku yimaada farqiga.

III. Tijaabada Xaqiijinta Naqshadeynta
1. Tijaabada Kororka Hillaaca: Xaqiiji awoodda u adkeysiga SPD ee hoos timaada qaabka hirarka 10/350μs (Fasalka I) ama danab haraaga ah ee hoos yimaada qaabka hirarka 8/20μs (Fasalka II/III).
2. Tijaabada Xasilloonida Kulaylka: Socodka hadda socda muddo 2 saacadood ah (50% Imax), hubinta heerkulka oo kor u kaca ≤60K.
3. La socodka xaalufka: Isticmaal dareemayaasha ku dhex jira si aad ula socoto qulqulka daadashada (qiimaha caadiga ah

IV. Khaladaadka Caadiga ah iyo Xalalka  

Khaladka 1aad: Iska indha tirka nooca dhulka lagu rakibayo nidaamka, taasoo keenta in SPD-gu fashilmo.
Xalka: Nidaamyada TN, dooro 3P+N; nidaamyada TT, dooro 3P+PE; nidaamyada IT, dooro 3P.
Khaladka 2aad: Kala fogaansho la'aan SPD ah, taasoo horseedaysa faragelin marxalado kala duwan ah.
Xalka: Ku hay ≥10m inta u dhaxaysa SPD-yada sare/hoose ama ku rakib inductor-yada kala-baxa (≥1mH).
Khalad 3: Dayacaad ilaalin kayd ah, halis gelin dab ka dib SPD-ga gaaban.
Xalka: Fiyuusyada isku xiran ee taxanaha ah (qiimaynta hadda ≥1.5 jeer SPD-ga joogtada ah).

Soo Koobid  
Xulashada SPD waxay u baahan tahay qiimeyn dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan danabka nidaamka, khatarta hillaaca, awoodda u adkeysiga qalabka, iyo jawiga rakibidda. SPD-yada Heerka I waxay mudnaanta siiyaan awoodda sii deynta, halka Fasalka II/III ay diiradda saaraan xakamaynta danabka haray. SPD-yada calaamaduhu waa inay la mid noqdaan noocyada is-dhexgalka. Kormeerka joogtada ah (tusaale ahaan, qulqulka daadashada, gabowga jireed) waxay hubiyaan waxtarka ilaalinta muddada-dheer.